Antibiotics: when they help, when they don't, and how to take them right
In Pakistan, antibiotics are often taken for every cough, cold and fever, sometimes without a prescription. This does not help the patient and makes bacteria stronger. Using antibiotics wisely protects you and everyone around you.
Antibiotics kill bacteria, not viruses
Most coughs, colds, flu, sore throats and many cases of diarrhoea are caused by viruses. Antibiotics do nothing against viruses. Taking them for a cold will not make you better faster, but it can cause side effects.
Antibiotics are needed for bacterial infections, for example many urinary tract infections, typhoid, some chest infections, infected wounds and some ear and throat infections. A doctor decides this, sometimes after a test.
How to take antibiotics correctly
- Take them exactly as prescribed: the right dose, at the right times, for the number of days your doctor says.
- Do not stop or change the course on your own, even if you feel better. Ask your doctor first.
- Check whether to take each one with food or on an empty stomach; it is on the label.
- Do not take antacids, iron or calcium at the same time as some antibiotics; ask your pharmacist about spacing them.
- Never share antibiotics or use leftovers from a past illness or another person.
Common side effects
- Upset stomach, loose motions, nausea
- Thrush (white patches in the mouth or vaginal itching)
Stop and get help urgently if you get a rash with swelling of the face or lips, difficulty breathing, severe watery or bloody diarrhoea, or yellow eyes. Tell every doctor and pharmacist about any antibiotic allergy you have had.
Why resistance matters in Pakistan
When antibiotics are overused, bacteria learn to survive them. Pakistan has already seen an outbreak of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid, which few antibiotics can treat. Every unnecessary course makes this problem worse for all of us, especially for children and the elderly.
What helps a cold or flu instead
- Rest and plenty of fluids
- Paracetamol for fever and aches (as per the label)
- Saline nose drops, steam and warm drinks for a blocked nose and sore throat
- See a doctor if the fever lasts more than 3 days, breathing becomes difficult, or symptoms get worse after improving
At DawaaiMart, antibiotics are dispensed with a prescription. Our pharmacist can explain how to take your course on WhatsApp.
Frequently asked questions
Do antibiotics work for a cold or flu?
No. Colds and flu are caused by viruses, and antibiotics only work against bacteria.
Can I stop antibiotics when I feel better?
Do not change or stop the course on your own. Ask your doctor, who will tell you how long to take it.
Why do antibiotics cause loose motions?
They also affect the helpful bacteria in the gut. Mild loose motions are common; severe, watery or bloody diarrhoea needs a doctor.
What is antibiotic resistance?
When bacteria change so that antibiotics no longer kill them. Overuse and misuse make it worse. Pakistan has already seen drug-resistant typhoid.