Heatstroke: symptoms, first aid and how to stay safe in a heatwave

Heatwaves in Pakistan regularly push temperatures above 45°C, and in some summers they have claimed many lives in a single week. Heatstroke is a medical emergency, but it is also preventable, and quick first aid saves lives.

Heat exhaustion vs heatstroke

Heat exhaustion comes first: heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, muscle cramps and a fast pulse. The person is usually still thinking clearly.

Heatstroke is more dangerous: body temperature of around 40°C or more with confusion, slurred speech, strange behaviour, fainting or fits. The skin may be hot and dry or still sweaty. Without fast cooling, organs can be damaged.

First aid for heat exhaustion

• Move to a cool, shaded place and lie down with legs slightly raised.
• Loosen or remove extra clothing.
• Give sips of cool water or ORS if the person is alert.
• Cool the skin with wet cloths and a fan.
• If not better within 30 minutes, get medical help.

First aid for heatstroke: act immediately

• Call Rescue 1122 or get to a hospital.
• Move the person into shade or a cool room.
• Cool them fast: pour or spray cool water over the body and fan them, or put cold wet cloths or ice packs on the neck, armpits and groin.
• Do not give anything to drink if the person is confused, drowsy or unconscious; they may choke.
• If they are unconscious but breathing, lay them on their side.
• Do not give paracetamol or aspirin for heatstroke; they do not lower this kind of high temperature.

Who is most at risk?

• Older people and young children
• Outdoor workers, labourers, traffic police, riders
• People with heart disease, diabetes or kidney problems
• People on some medicines (for example certain BP pills and water pills); ask your doctor

How to stay safe in a heatwave

• Drink water regularly before you feel thirsty; add ORS if you sweat heavily.
• Avoid going out between 11 am and 4 pm when you can.
• Wear light, loose, light-coloured cotton and cover your head.
• Never leave children or older people in a parked car.
• Check on elderly neighbours during power cuts.