Overview
Strong bones need enough calcium and vitamin D. Low levels can lead to weak bones (osteoporosis) and fractures, especially in older women. Vitamin D deficiency is very common in Pakistan, even in sunny weather, because many people spend little time in the sun.
Causes
- Low calcium in the diet
- Vitamin D deficiency from little sun exposure
- Hormone changes after menopause
- Some medicines, such as long-term steroids
Risk factors
- Women after menopause
- Older age
- Little time outdoors and covering the skin
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Low body weight and smoking
Symptoms
- Often no symptoms until a fracture
- Bone and back pain
- Muscle aches and weakness (low vitamin D)
- Loss of height or a stooped back
Diagnosis
Blood tests check calcium and vitamin D levels. A bone density (DEXA) scan measures bone strength.
Management
- Calcium-rich foods such as milk, yoghurt and cheese
- Safe sun exposure
- Calcium and vitamin D supplements as advised
- Weight-bearing exercise such as walking
- Preventing falls at home
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if you have bone pain, a fracture after a minor fall, or risk factors for weak bones. Ask before taking high-dose vitamin D, especially with kidney stones.
This information is for general awareness and does not replace advice from your doctor. Prescription medicines are supplied only against a valid prescription. Questions? Ask our pharmacist on WhatsApp.